diff --git a/src/compositor/meta-surface-actor-wayland.c b/src/compositor/meta-surface-actor-wayland.c
index a627dd28c..ce50da162 100644
--- a/src/compositor/meta-surface-actor-wayland.c
+++ b/src/compositor/meta-surface-actor-wayland.c
@@ -42,7 +42,6 @@ struct _MetaSurfaceActorWayland
   MetaSurfaceActor parent;
 
   MetaWaylandSurface *surface;
-  struct wl_list frame_callback_list;
 };
 
 G_DEFINE_TYPE (MetaSurfaceActorWayland,
@@ -72,23 +71,6 @@ meta_surface_actor_wayland_is_opaque (MetaSurfaceActor *actor)
   return meta_shaped_texture_is_opaque (stex);
 }
 
-static void
-queue_frame_callbacks (MetaSurfaceActorWayland *self)
-{
-  MetaWaylandCompositor *wayland_compositor;
-
-  if (!self->surface)
-    return;
-
-  if (meta_surface_actor_is_obscured (META_SURFACE_ACTOR (self)))
-    return;
-
-  wayland_compositor = self->surface->compositor;
-  wl_list_insert_list (&wayland_compositor->frame_callbacks,
-                       &self->frame_callback_list);
-  wl_list_init (&self->frame_callback_list);
-}
-
 CoglScanout *
 meta_surface_actor_wayland_try_acquire_scanout (MetaSurfaceActorWayland *self,
                                                 CoglOnscreen            *onscreen)
@@ -101,35 +83,13 @@ meta_surface_actor_wayland_try_acquire_scanout (MetaSurfaceActorWayland *self,
   if (!scanout)
     return NULL;
 
-  queue_frame_callbacks (self);
-
   return scanout;
 }
 
-void
-meta_surface_actor_wayland_add_frame_callbacks (MetaSurfaceActorWayland *self,
-                                                struct wl_list *frame_callbacks)
-{
-  wl_list_insert_list (&self->frame_callback_list, frame_callbacks);
-}
-
-static void
-meta_surface_actor_wayland_paint (ClutterActor        *actor,
-                                  ClutterPaintContext *paint_context)
-{
-  MetaSurfaceActorWayland *self = META_SURFACE_ACTOR_WAYLAND (actor);
-
-  queue_frame_callbacks (self);
-
-  CLUTTER_ACTOR_CLASS (meta_surface_actor_wayland_parent_class)->paint (actor,
-                                                                        paint_context);
-}
-
 static void
 meta_surface_actor_wayland_dispose (GObject *object)
 {
   MetaSurfaceActorWayland *self = META_SURFACE_ACTOR_WAYLAND (object);
-  MetaWaylandFrameCallback *cb, *next;
   MetaShapedTexture *stex;
 
   stex = meta_surface_actor_get_texture (META_SURFACE_ACTOR (self));
@@ -143,9 +103,6 @@ meta_surface_actor_wayland_dispose (GObject *object)
       self->surface = NULL;
     }
 
-  wl_list_for_each_safe (cb, next, &self->frame_callback_list, link)
-    wl_resource_destroy (cb->resource);
-
   G_OBJECT_CLASS (meta_surface_actor_wayland_parent_class)->dispose (object);
 }
 
@@ -153,11 +110,8 @@ static void
 meta_surface_actor_wayland_class_init (MetaSurfaceActorWaylandClass *klass)
 {
   MetaSurfaceActorClass *surface_actor_class = META_SURFACE_ACTOR_CLASS (klass);
-  ClutterActorClass *actor_class = CLUTTER_ACTOR_CLASS (klass);
   GObjectClass *object_class = G_OBJECT_CLASS (klass);
 
-  actor_class->paint = meta_surface_actor_wayland_paint;
-
   surface_actor_class->process_damage = meta_surface_actor_wayland_process_damage;
   surface_actor_class->pre_paint = meta_surface_actor_wayland_pre_paint;
   surface_actor_class->is_opaque = meta_surface_actor_wayland_is_opaque;
@@ -177,7 +131,6 @@ meta_surface_actor_wayland_new (MetaWaylandSurface *surface)
 
   g_assert (meta_is_wayland_compositor ());
 
-  wl_list_init (&self->frame_callback_list);
   self->surface = surface;
   g_object_add_weak_pointer (G_OBJECT (self->surface),
                              (gpointer *) &self->surface);
diff --git a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-actor-surface.c b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-actor-surface.c
index 3d23234d6..47b3c1c3e 100644
--- a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-actor-surface.c
+++ b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-actor-surface.c
@@ -107,9 +107,15 @@ meta_wayland_actor_surface_assigned (MetaWaylandSurfaceRole *surface_role)
   MetaWaylandSurface *surface =
     meta_wayland_surface_role_get_surface (surface_role);
 
-  meta_surface_actor_wayland_add_frame_callbacks (META_SURFACE_ACTOR_WAYLAND (priv->actor),
-                                                  &surface->pending_frame_callback_list);
-  wl_list_init (&surface->pending_frame_callback_list);
+  if (wl_list_empty (&surface->unassigned.pending_frame_callback_list))
+    return;
+
+  wl_list_insert_list (priv->frame_callback_list.prev,
+                       &surface->unassigned.pending_frame_callback_list);
+  wl_list_init (&surface->unassigned.pending_frame_callback_list);
+
+  meta_wayland_compositor_add_frame_callback_surface (surface->compositor,
+                                                      surface);
 }
 
 void
@@ -118,18 +124,37 @@ meta_wayland_actor_surface_queue_frame_callbacks (MetaWaylandActorSurface *actor
 {
   MetaWaylandActorSurfacePrivate *priv =
     meta_wayland_actor_surface_get_instance_private (actor_surface);
-  MetaSurfaceActorWayland *surface_actor_wayland =
-    META_SURFACE_ACTOR_WAYLAND (priv->actor);
+  MetaWaylandSurfaceRole *surface_role =
+    META_WAYLAND_SURFACE_ROLE (actor_surface);
+  MetaWaylandSurface *surface =
+    meta_wayland_surface_role_get_surface (surface_role);
 
-  if (!priv->actor)
+  if (wl_list_empty (&pending->frame_callback_list))
     return;
 
-  meta_surface_actor_wayland_add_frame_callbacks (surface_actor_wayland,
-                                                  &priv->frame_callback_list);
-  wl_list_init (&priv->frame_callback_list);
-  meta_surface_actor_wayland_add_frame_callbacks (surface_actor_wayland,
-                                                  &pending->frame_callback_list);
+  wl_list_insert_list (priv->frame_callback_list.prev,
+                       &pending->frame_callback_list);
   wl_list_init (&pending->frame_callback_list);
+
+  meta_wayland_compositor_add_frame_callback_surface (surface->compositor,
+                                                      surface);
+}
+
+void
+meta_wayland_actor_surface_emit_frame_callbacks (MetaWaylandActorSurface *actor_surface,
+                                                 uint32_t                 timestamp_ms)
+{
+  MetaWaylandActorSurfacePrivate *priv =
+    meta_wayland_actor_surface_get_instance_private (actor_surface);
+
+  while (!wl_list_empty (&priv->frame_callback_list))
+    {
+      MetaWaylandFrameCallback *callback =
+        wl_container_of (priv->frame_callback_list.next, callback, link);
+
+      wl_callback_send_done (callback->resource, timestamp_ms);
+      wl_resource_destroy (callback->resource);
+    }
 }
 
 double
@@ -265,18 +290,17 @@ meta_wayland_actor_surface_apply_state (MetaWaylandSurfaceRole  *surface_role,
   MetaWaylandActorSurfacePrivate *priv =
     meta_wayland_actor_surface_get_instance_private (actor_surface);
 
-  if (!priv->actor)
-    {
-      wl_list_insert_list (&priv->frame_callback_list,
-                           &pending->frame_callback_list);
-      wl_list_init (&pending->frame_callback_list);
-      return;
-    }
-
   if (!wl_list_empty (&pending->frame_callback_list) &&
-      cairo_region_is_empty (pending->surface_damage) &&
-      cairo_region_is_empty (pending->buffer_damage))
-    clutter_actor_queue_redraw (CLUTTER_ACTOR (priv->actor));
+      priv->actor &&
+      !meta_surface_actor_is_obscured (priv->actor))
+    {
+      MetaWaylandSurface *surface =
+        meta_wayland_surface_role_get_surface (surface_role);
+      MetaBackend *backend = surface->compositor->backend;
+      ClutterActor *stage = meta_backend_get_stage (backend);
+
+      clutter_stage_schedule_update (CLUTTER_STAGE (stage));
+    }
 
   meta_wayland_actor_surface_queue_frame_callbacks (actor_surface, pending);
 
diff --git a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-actor-surface.h b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-actor-surface.h
index caa3cbe31..bd0cca275 100644
--- a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-actor-surface.h
+++ b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-actor-surface.h
@@ -48,4 +48,7 @@ void meta_wayland_actor_surface_reset_actor (MetaWaylandActorSurface *actor_surf
 void meta_wayland_actor_surface_queue_frame_callbacks (MetaWaylandActorSurface *actor_surface,
                                                        MetaWaylandSurfaceState *pending);
 
+void meta_wayland_actor_surface_emit_frame_callbacks (MetaWaylandActorSurface *actor_surface,
+                                                      uint32_t                 timestamp_ms);
+
 #endif /* META_WAYLAND_ACTOR_SURFACE_H */
diff --git a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-cursor-surface.c b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-cursor-surface.c
index d8ac1413e..95f8186df 100644
--- a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-cursor-surface.c
+++ b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-cursor-surface.c
@@ -124,8 +124,8 @@ meta_wayland_cursor_surface_assigned (MetaWaylandSurfaceRole *surface_role)
     meta_wayland_cursor_surface_get_instance_private (cursor_surface);
 
   wl_list_insert_list (&priv->frame_callbacks,
-                       &surface->pending_frame_callback_list);
-  wl_list_init (&surface->pending_frame_callback_list);
+                       &surface->unassigned.pending_frame_callback_list);
+  wl_list_init (&surface->unassigned.pending_frame_callback_list);
 }
 
 static void
diff --git a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-dnd-surface.c b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-dnd-surface.c
index b735c1388..c3b0f7557 100644
--- a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-dnd-surface.c
+++ b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-dnd-surface.c
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@
 
 #include "backends/meta-logical-monitor.h"
 #include "compositor/meta-feedback-actor-private.h"
+#include "wayland/meta-wayland.h"
 
 struct _MetaWaylandSurfaceRoleDND
 {
@@ -42,7 +43,11 @@ dnd_surface_assigned (MetaWaylandSurfaceRole *surface_role)
   MetaWaylandSurface *surface =
     meta_wayland_surface_role_get_surface (surface_role);
 
-  meta_wayland_surface_queue_pending_frame_callbacks (surface);
+  if (wl_list_empty (&surface->unassigned.pending_frame_callback_list))
+    return;
+
+  meta_wayland_compositor_add_frame_callback_surface (surface->compositor,
+                                                      surface);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -56,7 +61,8 @@ dnd_surface_apply_state (MetaWaylandSurfaceRole  *surface_role,
   MetaWaylandSurfaceRoleClass *surface_role_class =
     META_WAYLAND_SURFACE_ROLE_CLASS (meta_wayland_surface_role_dnd_parent_class);
 
-  meta_wayland_surface_queue_pending_state_frame_callbacks (surface, pending);
+  meta_wayland_compositor_add_frame_callback_surface (surface->compositor,
+                                                      surface);
 
   surface_role_dnd->pending_offset_x = pending->dx;
   surface_role_dnd->pending_offset_y = pending->dy;
diff --git a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-legacy-xdg-shell.c b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-legacy-xdg-shell.c
index 9c5b02e1a..8395ca39d 100644
--- a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-legacy-xdg-shell.c
+++ b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-legacy-xdg-shell.c
@@ -658,6 +658,8 @@ meta_wayland_zxdg_toplevel_v6_apply_state (MetaWaylandSurfaceRole  *surface_role
     META_WAYLAND_ZXDG_SURFACE_V6 (xdg_toplevel);
   MetaWaylandZxdgSurfaceV6Private *xdg_surface_priv =
     meta_wayland_zxdg_surface_v6_get_instance_private (xdg_surface);
+  MetaWaylandActorSurface *actor_surface =
+    META_WAYLAND_ACTOR_SURFACE (xdg_surface);
   MetaWaylandSurfaceRoleClass *surface_role_class;
   MetaWaylandSurface *surface =
     meta_wayland_surface_role_get_surface (surface_role);
@@ -668,7 +670,7 @@ meta_wayland_zxdg_toplevel_v6_apply_state (MetaWaylandSurfaceRole  *surface_role
   window = meta_wayland_surface_get_window (surface);
   if (!window)
     {
-      meta_wayland_surface_cache_pending_frame_callbacks (surface, pending);
+      meta_wayland_actor_surface_queue_frame_callbacks (actor_surface, pending);
       return;
     }
 
@@ -1218,14 +1220,10 @@ meta_wayland_zxdg_surface_v6_send_configure (MetaWaylandZxdgSurfaceV6       *xdg
 static void
 zxdg_surface_v6_destructor (struct wl_resource *resource)
 {
-  MetaWaylandSurface *surface = surface_from_xdg_surface_resource (resource);
   MetaWaylandZxdgSurfaceV6 *xdg_surface = wl_resource_get_user_data (resource);
   MetaWaylandZxdgSurfaceV6Private *priv =
     meta_wayland_zxdg_surface_v6_get_instance_private (xdg_surface);
 
-  meta_wayland_compositor_destroy_frame_callbacks (surface->compositor,
-                                                   surface);
-
   priv->shell_client->surfaces = g_list_remove (priv->shell_client->surfaces,
                                                 xdg_surface);
 
diff --git a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-private.h b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-private.h
index a7e5604fc..727009b07 100644
--- a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-private.h
+++ b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-private.h
@@ -79,7 +79,7 @@ struct _MetaWaylandCompositor
   struct wl_display *wayland_display;
   char *display_name;
   GHashTable *outputs;
-  struct wl_list frame_callbacks;
+  GList *frame_callback_surfaces;
 
   MetaXWaylandManager xwayland_manager;
 
diff --git a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-subsurface.c b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-subsurface.c
index 1ec5b230b..56e4ca97c 100644
--- a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-subsurface.c
+++ b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-subsurface.c
@@ -362,9 +362,6 @@ wl_subsurface_destructor (struct wl_resource *resource)
 {
   MetaWaylandSurface *surface = wl_resource_get_user_data (resource);
 
-  meta_wayland_compositor_destroy_frame_callbacks (surface->compositor,
-                                                   surface);
-
   g_node_unlink (surface->subsurface_branch_node);
   unparent_actor (surface);
 
diff --git a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-surface.c b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-surface.c
index a16ffb92b..515c67957 100644
--- a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-surface.c
+++ b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-surface.c
@@ -409,15 +409,6 @@ surface_process_damage (MetaWaylandSurface *surface,
   cairo_region_destroy (transformed_region);
 }
 
-void
-meta_wayland_surface_queue_pending_state_frame_callbacks (MetaWaylandSurface      *surface,
-                                                          MetaWaylandSurfaceState *pending)
-{
-  wl_list_insert_list (&surface->compositor->frame_callbacks,
-                       &pending->frame_callback_list);
-  wl_list_init (&pending->frame_callback_list);
-}
-
 MetaWaylandBuffer *
 meta_wayland_surface_get_buffer (MetaWaylandSurface *surface)
 {
@@ -632,15 +623,6 @@ meta_wayland_surface_state_class_init (MetaWaylandSurfaceStateClass *klass)
                   G_TYPE_NONE, 0);
 }
 
-void
-meta_wayland_surface_cache_pending_frame_callbacks (MetaWaylandSurface      *surface,
-                                                    MetaWaylandSurfaceState *pending)
-{
-  wl_list_insert_list (&surface->pending_frame_callback_list,
-                       &pending->frame_callback_list);
-  wl_list_init (&pending->frame_callback_list);
-}
-
 static void
 meta_wayland_surface_apply_state (MetaWaylandSurface      *surface,
                                   MetaWaylandSurfaceState *state)
@@ -776,7 +758,9 @@ meta_wayland_surface_apply_state (MetaWaylandSurface      *surface,
     }
   else
     {
-      meta_wayland_surface_cache_pending_frame_callbacks (surface, state);
+      wl_list_insert_list (surface->unassigned.pending_frame_callback_list.prev,
+                           &state->frame_callback_list);
+      wl_list_init (&state->frame_callback_list);
 
       if (state->newly_attached)
         {
@@ -1358,14 +1342,16 @@ wl_surface_destructor (struct wl_resource *resource)
   if (surface->input_region)
     cairo_region_destroy (surface->input_region);
 
-  meta_wayland_compositor_destroy_frame_callbacks (compositor, surface);
+  meta_wayland_compositor_remove_frame_callback_surface (compositor, surface);
 
   g_hash_table_foreach (surface->outputs,
                         surface_output_disconnect_signals,
                         surface);
   g_hash_table_destroy (surface->outputs);
 
-  wl_list_for_each_safe (cb, next, &surface->pending_frame_callback_list, link)
+  wl_list_for_each_safe (cb, next,
+                         &surface->unassigned.pending_frame_callback_list,
+                         link)
     wl_resource_destroy (cb->resource);
 
   if (surface->resource)
@@ -1412,7 +1398,7 @@ meta_wayland_surface_create (MetaWaylandCompositor *compositor,
                                   surface,
                                   wl_surface_destructor);
 
-  wl_list_init (&surface->pending_frame_callback_list);
+  wl_list_init (&surface->unassigned.pending_frame_callback_list);
 
   surface->outputs = g_hash_table_new (NULL, NULL);
   surface->shortcut_inhibited_seats = g_hash_table_new (NULL, NULL);
@@ -1872,14 +1858,6 @@ meta_wayland_surface_role_get_surface (MetaWaylandSurfaceRole *role)
   return priv->surface;
 }
 
-void
-meta_wayland_surface_queue_pending_frame_callbacks (MetaWaylandSurface *surface)
-{
-  wl_list_insert_list (&surface->compositor->frame_callbacks,
-                       &surface->pending_frame_callback_list);
-  wl_list_init (&surface->pending_frame_callback_list);
-}
-
 cairo_region_t *
 meta_wayland_surface_calculate_input_region (MetaWaylandSurface *surface)
 {
diff --git a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-surface.h b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-surface.h
index 1effaa475..0e66f4b4e 100644
--- a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-surface.h
+++ b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-surface.h
@@ -168,13 +168,9 @@ struct _MetaWaylandSurface
   /* Buffer renderer state. */
   gboolean buffer_held;
 
-  /* List of pending frame callbacks that needs to stay queued longer than one
-   * commit sequence, such as when it has not yet been assigned a role.
-   */
-  struct wl_list pending_frame_callback_list;
-
   /* Intermediate state for when no role has been assigned. */
   struct {
+    struct wl_list pending_frame_callback_list;
     MetaWaylandBuffer *buffer;
   } unassigned;
 
@@ -288,9 +284,6 @@ gboolean            meta_wayland_surface_should_cache_state (MetaWaylandSurface
 
 MetaWindow *        meta_wayland_surface_get_toplevel_window (MetaWaylandSurface *surface);
 
-void                meta_wayland_surface_cache_pending_frame_callbacks (MetaWaylandSurface      *surface,
-                                                                        MetaWaylandSurfaceState *pending);
-
 void                meta_wayland_surface_queue_pending_frame_callbacks (MetaWaylandSurface *surface);
 
 void                meta_wayland_surface_queue_pending_state_frame_callbacks (MetaWaylandSurface      *surface,
diff --git a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-wl-shell.c b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-wl-shell.c
index 7add5667d..f67734799 100644
--- a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-wl-shell.c
+++ b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-wl-shell.c
@@ -103,9 +103,6 @@ wl_shell_surface_destructor (struct wl_resource *resource)
     surface_from_wl_shell_surface_resource (resource);
   GList *l;
 
-  meta_wayland_compositor_destroy_frame_callbacks (surface->compositor,
-                                                   surface);
-
   if (wl_shell_surface->popup)
     meta_wayland_popup_dismiss (wl_shell_surface->popup);
 
diff --git a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-xdg-shell.c b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-xdg-shell.c
index ecad04e12..727f73ccf 100644
--- a/src/wayland/meta-wayland-xdg-shell.c
+++ b/src/wayland/meta-wayland-xdg-shell.c
@@ -740,6 +740,8 @@ meta_wayland_xdg_toplevel_apply_state (MetaWaylandSurfaceRole  *surface_role,
   MetaWaylandXdgSurface *xdg_surface = META_WAYLAND_XDG_SURFACE (xdg_toplevel);
   MetaWaylandXdgSurfacePrivate *xdg_surface_priv =
     meta_wayland_xdg_surface_get_instance_private (xdg_surface);
+  MetaWaylandActorSurface *actor_surface =
+    META_WAYLAND_ACTOR_SURFACE (xdg_toplevel);
   MetaWaylandSurfaceRoleClass *surface_role_class;
   MetaWaylandSurface *surface =
     meta_wayland_surface_role_get_surface (surface_role);
@@ -750,15 +752,12 @@ meta_wayland_xdg_toplevel_apply_state (MetaWaylandSurfaceRole  *surface_role,
   window = meta_wayland_surface_get_window (surface);
   if (!window)
     {
-      meta_wayland_surface_cache_pending_frame_callbacks (surface, pending);
+      meta_wayland_actor_surface_queue_frame_callbacks (actor_surface, pending);
       return;
     }
 
   if (!surface->buffer_ref->buffer && xdg_surface_priv->first_buffer_attached)
     {
-      MetaWaylandActorSurface *actor_surface =
-        META_WAYLAND_ACTOR_SURFACE (xdg_toplevel);
-
       meta_wayland_xdg_surface_reset (xdg_surface);
       meta_wayland_actor_surface_queue_frame_callbacks (actor_surface,
                                                         pending);
@@ -1089,6 +1088,8 @@ meta_wayland_xdg_popup_apply_state (MetaWaylandSurfaceRole  *surface_role,
   MetaWaylandXdgSurface *xdg_surface = META_WAYLAND_XDG_SURFACE (surface_role);
   MetaWaylandXdgSurfacePrivate *xdg_surface_priv =
     meta_wayland_xdg_surface_get_instance_private (xdg_surface);
+  MetaWaylandActorSurface *actor_surface =
+    META_WAYLAND_ACTOR_SURFACE (xdg_popup);
   MetaWaylandSurfaceRoleClass *surface_role_class;
   MetaWaylandSurface *surface =
     meta_wayland_surface_role_get_surface (surface_role);
@@ -1103,7 +1104,7 @@ meta_wayland_xdg_popup_apply_state (MetaWaylandSurfaceRole  *surface_role,
   if (!surface->buffer_ref->buffer && xdg_surface_priv->first_buffer_attached)
     {
       meta_wayland_xdg_surface_reset (xdg_surface);
-      meta_wayland_surface_cache_pending_frame_callbacks (surface, pending);
+      meta_wayland_actor_surface_queue_frame_callbacks (actor_surface, pending);
       return;
     }
 
@@ -1380,14 +1381,10 @@ meta_wayland_xdg_surface_send_configure (MetaWaylandXdgSurface          *xdg_sur
 static void
 xdg_surface_destructor (struct wl_resource *resource)
 {
-  MetaWaylandSurface *surface = surface_from_xdg_surface_resource (resource);
   MetaWaylandXdgSurface *xdg_surface = wl_resource_get_user_data (resource);
   MetaWaylandXdgSurfacePrivate *priv =
     meta_wayland_xdg_surface_get_instance_private (xdg_surface);
 
-  meta_wayland_compositor_destroy_frame_callbacks (surface->compositor,
-                                                   surface);
-
   priv->shell_client->surfaces = g_list_remove (priv->shell_client->surfaces,
                                                 xdg_surface);
 
diff --git a/src/wayland/meta-wayland.c b/src/wayland/meta-wayland.c
index b37d9fdcf..e4b09cbfc 100644
--- a/src/wayland/meta-wayland.c
+++ b/src/wayland/meta-wayland.c
@@ -197,15 +197,35 @@ meta_wayland_compositor_update (MetaWaylandCompositor *compositor,
 void
 meta_wayland_compositor_paint_finished (MetaWaylandCompositor *compositor)
 {
-  gint64 current_time = g_get_monotonic_time ();
+  GList *l;
+  int64_t now_us;
 
-  while (!wl_list_empty (&compositor->frame_callbacks))
+  now_us = g_get_monotonic_time ();
+
+  l = compositor->frame_callback_surfaces;
+  while (l)
     {
-      MetaWaylandFrameCallback *callback =
-        wl_container_of (compositor->frame_callbacks.next, callback, link);
+      GList *l_cur = l;
+      MetaWaylandSurface *surface = l->data;
+      MetaSurfaceActor *actor;
+      MetaWaylandActorSurface *actor_surface;
 
-      wl_callback_send_done (callback->resource, current_time / 1000);
-      wl_resource_destroy (callback->resource);
+      l = l->next;
+
+      actor = meta_wayland_surface_get_actor (surface);
+      if (!actor)
+        continue;
+
+      if (!clutter_actor_has_mapped_clones (CLUTTER_ACTOR (actor)) &&
+          meta_surface_actor_is_obscured (actor))
+        continue;
+
+      actor_surface = META_WAYLAND_ACTOR_SURFACE (surface->role);
+      meta_wayland_actor_surface_emit_frame_callbacks (actor_surface,
+                                                       now_us / 1000);
+
+      compositor->frame_callback_surfaces =
+        g_list_delete_link (compositor->frame_callback_surfaces, l_cur);
     }
 }
 
@@ -252,16 +272,22 @@ meta_wayland_compositor_update_key_state (MetaWaylandCompositor *compositor,
 }
 
 void
-meta_wayland_compositor_destroy_frame_callbacks (MetaWaylandCompositor *compositor,
-                                                 MetaWaylandSurface    *surface)
+meta_wayland_compositor_add_frame_callback_surface (MetaWaylandCompositor *compositor,
+                                                    MetaWaylandSurface    *surface)
 {
-  MetaWaylandFrameCallback *callback, *next;
+  if (g_list_find (compositor->frame_callback_surfaces, surface))
+    return;
 
-  wl_list_for_each_safe (callback, next, &compositor->frame_callbacks, link)
-    {
-      if (callback->surface == surface)
-        wl_resource_destroy (callback->resource);
-    }
+  compositor->frame_callback_surfaces =
+    g_list_prepend (compositor->frame_callback_surfaces, surface);
+}
+
+void
+meta_wayland_compositor_remove_frame_callback_surface (MetaWaylandCompositor *compositor,
+                                                       MetaWaylandSurface    *surface)
+{
+  compositor->frame_callback_surfaces =
+    g_list_remove (compositor->frame_callback_surfaces, surface);
 }
 
 static void
@@ -313,8 +339,6 @@ meta_wayland_log_func (const char *fmt,
 static void
 meta_wayland_compositor_init (MetaWaylandCompositor *compositor)
 {
-  wl_list_init (&compositor->frame_callbacks);
-
   compositor->scheduled_surface_associations = g_hash_table_new (NULL, NULL);
 
   wl_log_set_handler_server (meta_wayland_log_func);
diff --git a/src/wayland/meta-wayland.h b/src/wayland/meta-wayland.h
index 4164563e8..3549fb2d5 100644
--- a/src/wayland/meta-wayland.h
+++ b/src/wayland/meta-wayland.h
@@ -62,8 +62,11 @@ void                    meta_wayland_compositor_set_input_focus (MetaWaylandComp
 
 void                    meta_wayland_compositor_paint_finished  (MetaWaylandCompositor *compositor);
 
-void                    meta_wayland_compositor_destroy_frame_callbacks (MetaWaylandCompositor *compositor,
-                                                                         MetaWaylandSurface    *surface);
+void                    meta_wayland_compositor_add_frame_callback_surface (MetaWaylandCompositor *compositor,
+                                                                            MetaWaylandSurface    *surface);
+
+void                    meta_wayland_compositor_remove_frame_callback_surface (MetaWaylandCompositor *compositor,
+                                                                               MetaWaylandSurface    *surface);
 
 META_EXPORT_TEST
 const char             *meta_wayland_get_wayland_display_name   (MetaWaylandCompositor *compositor);